As an environmentalist, I was wondering if the rising popularity of erectile dysfunction drugs like Viagra, Cialis, Levitra, etc, has caused a corresponding subsidence in the demand for powdered rhinoceros horn and other aphrodisiacs made from the body parts of endangered animals. -Ned Carnes, Austin, Texas
Optimistic predictions about the benefit of Viagra on rhinos and other endangered species have been showing up since 1998. Observed attributable effect on rhinos, however: zip.
Why, you ask?
Answer: Because traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), whose reliance on eye-of-newt-type ingredients gets most of the blame, doesn't use rhino horn as an aphrodisiac.
Q: It doesn't?
A: Nope. That's a myth perpetuated by Western conservationists and other well-meaning folk. While belief that rhino horn will restore virility isn't unknown in Asia, it's limited to fringe groups in India, Thailand, and Laos.
Q: So why is rhino horn in demand?
A: Because it's been a TCM mainstay for 2,000 years, used to treat everything from flu to hepatitis to fever relief. Impotence, on the other hand, no.
Q: But doesn't that mean TCM is still the main cause of rhino poaching?
A: Not entirely. Rhino horn is also prized for dagger handles in the Middle East. TCM is a major factor, though. The point is, if you're a Western scientist who fails to grasp the actual roles various endangered species play in TCM, don't be surprised when your rosy predictions about the conservation benefits of ED drugs don't pan out.
Q: Who are we talking about?
A: The ones banging the gong the loudest about this have been Frank and William von Hippel. In a 1998 letter to Science, Frank, a biologist, conjectured that Viagra could eliminate demand for "animal potency products": "After all," he wrote, "the cost of Viagra is trivial compared to that of rhino horn." In a 2002 followup, he and his psychologist brother published a table listing nine types of threatened critter "collected for TCM treatments for ED." The fine print clarified that two of the nine, namely rhinos and tigers, in fact weren't collected for this purpose. Westerners-apparently including, as of 1998, Frank von Hippel-just thought they were.
Q: So TCM does acknowledge some aphrodisiacs?
A: Oh, sure. They've been derived from sea cucumbers, pipefishes, seahorses, geckos, deer, and pinnipeds.
Q: What are pinnipeds?
A: Seals, sea lions, and walruses. I had to look it up too.
Q: Has Viagra taken the pressure off any of these creatures?
A: Most of the trade in endangered species has been outlawed. However, indications may be gleaned from the few cases where such dealing remains legal. According to the von Hippels, sales of one TCM aphrodisiac, antler velvet from Alaskan reindeer, dropped sharply following Viagra's introduction, and the market for seals, prized for their genitalia, collapsed a little later. Critics questioned how much of this was due to competition from ED drugs, but in a 2005 survey underwritten by Pfizer, maker of Viagra, the brothers found Hong Kong men were abandoning TCM impotence treatments.
Meanwhile, the rhino population, in free fall 20 years ago, has rebounded, but conservation efforts, not pharmaceuticals, have made the difference. What with growing interest in TCM, poaching pressure remains intense.
Q: Why are Asians still using rhino horn for fever?
A: Why do Westerners buy over-the-counter cold remedies, even though most of them don't do jack? TCM practitioners for their part swear by rhino horn. For what it's worth, one scientific study of the stuff claimed it was effective in reducing fever, although only at extremely high doses.
Q: But Western fever remedies, as distinct from cold remedies, are cheap and effective. Why would anybody stick with rhino horn?
A: Here's the key: therapeutic demand for endangered species is said to be driven not by the Asian masses but rather the affluent business elite, who can afford the exorbitant prices.
Q: So the problem is fat cats infatuated with expensive, unnecessary products?
A: Exactly. Only now it's cropping up in Asia, too.
